運動神經元疾病 ( Motor Neurone Disease)
運動神經元疾病是一種進行性的運動神經萎縮症,運動神經元病變造成的肌肉萎縮,漸進性殘障,四肢僵直。
運動神經元疾病的徵狀
症狀為肢體無力,肌肉萎縮造成吞嚥困難及呼吸衰竭。患者的智力及腦功能大體上不受影響,真正令患者有生命危險的是失去控制呼吸的肌肉的能力,因而無法呼吸;或因吞嚥困難而造成吸入性肺炎;或因為無法動彈、長期臥床而生褥瘡,再因褥瘡而引起壞血病。
運動神經元疾病的發生率
好發於40歲至50歲的中年人,不過進入青春期後的任何年齡層都有可能發生;大約每10萬人中就有5個人可能患病,男女罹患的比例約為1.5比1。
運動神經元疾病的診斷
1. 神經傳導及肌電圖測試
醫生會用針來測試身體的不同部位的肌肉,診斷下運動神經元的病變。
2. MRI頸椎檢查
排除頸椎病變變造成的肌肉萎縮。
3. 有家族病史的患者可以做基因測試 ( SOD gene)
運動神經元疾病的病因
目前對運動神經元疾病產生的原因並不十分了解,90%病例都是原發性,也就是不明原因。5%的病例可能與遺傳及基因缺陷有關,另外環境因素如重金屬中毒、鉛中毒等都可能是原因。
運動神經元疾病的治療
這種疾病沒有有效的治療方法,患者的平均存活時間只有三至五年。
藥物治療有利魯唑 (Riluzole)。這藥物可能會延長生命大約3至6個月。常見的副作用包括噁心,胃痛,低熱,食慾不振,黃疸,胸痛。
物理治療和職業治療可以訓練病人的體能。
如果病人有嚴重的吞嚥困難,可以插入胃管以幫助進食。
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